~lllf)'jWnU~U~
2.2
jj~f1Virllflty,i1~
'1
~~.iflluci'
Il.
~lfl
0
ii~
a
f)'jlvJ~~I~UtlllUIllHlllYf1~ -i lUHt~UU ijfl1 fl1f1(JIllHi"J1':lU~Vf1 !lflfl
111flmllmi'Ul~uuijfl1fl1f1(JIllHnUmllJtfl~(Jf1
'II .
~lfl~f1
a
~~11'Iu~f1'!~l!f1'11fl~llIIum~ t~(JIl-il';f1~lnf1fff1rilu
(proportional limit)
11'1
14
~f1l!f1.y;lV~f)'j
lvJ
~~llJUtlllUIll~ ~ 1111~iJlfl ~f1ci'mllm llJlri'u iJ~
hid'JUlJijlllfl
1f1(J1ll5~nUmllJlfl~(Jf1tlf1;;flf)'jlvJ~~11.itlJUllllum~
fl.
~f1
b
l~(Jfl-il';f1~lnf1Vf111qu
(e lastic limit)
11'IU~f1l!f1.y;1(J~mllJ(Jll'IJ1l~11ll'l iJ~
Ill1UlJl/J1l1vill~lJ
t.1tlll
~. ~f1
c
1~(JIl-il~f1mlIlUU
(upper yie ld point)
~. ~f1
c'
1~(Jfl-il~f1mlmiN
(lower yield point)
Il .
~lfl~f1
c
ii~
e
11'1ullmU~/JUllUC1~l1UU'I'HnlY~f1 (plast ic),rU;;fl11ll'lVf1flflll flVl~
(11l~
t11Uiw(J11!
~11ll (J~~ i1il1f1~llll1UlJlfl~i
14
lYfI1'VH~lJ
tlll
d
~
"'"
J
,
'Ii.
~lll
0
(1~
d fI15Vf1tf1f1'IJU'IllllY1UIllC11l1ll gauge length
Clf.
~nn
d
~~
e
fll1~f1Ln"~tJt) dl~~1~ 1~ 1 ll!'Vn::1JlntuYlll:anCfl fll<,jl1fnt ~fl'lJ l ~Hlh
.
1114
UJ.
~f1
d
l~/Jf1-il~f1U~~ l1(J
(ultimate strength)
11'1U~f1~lfif1mllJlri'U'!~l!f1iU11ll(J,fu
ty .
~f1
e
1~/Jf1 -i l~f111lllm11l
(rupture point or breaking
point)1{JU~f1~11ll(J'IIlf1flflll~11l
nu
.
.
ll.i'IJ!\1~l~VlnU~~~lU~l ~ f)'jlvJV11~iJ~jjl1f1£j!\1::~~~uV1
2.3